USACO 2018 US Open Contest, Silver
Problem 2. Lemonade Line
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It's a hot summer day out on the farm, and Farmer John is serving lemonade to
his $N$ cows! All $N$ cows (conveniently numbered $1 \dots N$) like lemonade,
but some of them like it more than others. In particular, cow $i$ is willing to
wait in a line behind at most $w_i$ cows to get her lemonade. Right now all $N$
cows are in the fields, but as soon as Farmer John rings his cowbell, the cows
will immediately descend upon FJ's lemonade stand. They will all arrive before
he starts serving lemonade, but no two cows will arrive at the same time.
Furthermore, when cow $i$ arrives, she will join the line if and only if there
are at most $w_i$ cows already in line.
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Farmer John wants to prepare some amount of lemonade in advance, but he does not want to be wasteful. The number of cows who join the line might depend on the order in which they arrive. Help him find the minimum possible number of cows who join the line.
INPUT FORMAT (file lemonade.in):
The first line contains $N$, and the second line contains the $N$ space-separated integers $w_1, w_2, \dots, w_N$. It is guaranteed that $1 \leq N \leq 10^5$, and that $0 \leq w_i \leq 10^9$ for each cow $i$.OUTPUT FORMAT (file lemonade.out):
Print the minimum possible number of cows who might join the line, among all possible orders in which the cows might arrive.SAMPLE INPUT:
5 7 1 400 2 2
SAMPLE OUTPUT:
3
In this setting, only three cows might end up in line (and this is the smallest possible). Suppose the cows with $w = 7$ and $w = 400$ arrive first and wait in line. Then the cow with $w = 1$ arrives and turns away, since 2 cows are already in line. The cows with $w = 2$ then arrive, one staying and one turning away.
Problem credits: Dhruv Rohatgi